Oxidant (AE = 4.18 ) nor antimicrobial activities (MIC 6250 mL-1 ) [36]. In this investigation, the identification of quercetagetin derivatives 5 in a. integrifolium matches the genus’s phytochemistry (also named Calea genus) [37]. Preceding studies have shown the nematicidal possible of flavonoids. For example, rutin exhibited the same Caspase 10 Activator Purity & Documentation mortality percentage because the constructive control (carbofuran): 100 mortality at a 0.five concentration (24 h) against the cyst nematode Heterodera zeae. Furthermore, quercetin showed 50 mortality, and patuletin 7–O-glycoside showed no considerable activity (20 , 24 h, light) [22]. Nevertheless, this compound exerts moderate activity against Meloidogyne incognita J2 folks (LC50,48h = 0.506 ), while kaempferol, isorhamnetin, rutin, myricetin, and fisetin, among others, exhibited an LC50,48h value related to carbofuran (LC50,48h = 0.0506 ) [38]. Nematicidal activity of flavonoids might be because of acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChE) due to the fact nematodes possess some neurotransmitters typical in mammals like acetylcholine, serotonin, or glutamate [39]. Flavonoids as quercetin, genistein, and luteolin 7-O-glycoside inhibited AChE by 76.two, 65.7, and 54.9 , respectively [40], even though a methoxylated quercetagetin showed a minor impact (inhibition 23.73 1.94 ) [41]. On the other hand, a glycosylated derivative, quercetagetin-7-O-(6-O-caffeoyl–D-glucopyranoside, possessed significant activity (IC50 12.54 0.50 mL-1 ) against AChE isolated from Caenorhabditis elegans and Spodoptera Caspase 2 Activator Molecular Weight litura. The IC50 value identified came close towards the worth for chloropyrifos (2.32 0.06 mL-1 ) [42]. We hypothesize flavonoid (five) isolated from A. integrifolium exerted their effects on the cholinergic nervous program of N. aberrans J2 people, although sterols (triterpenes) (1, two) acted around the hormonal technique. As a result, the nematostatic (EC50,48h = 47.407.1 mL-1 ) and nematicidal (at 1000 mL-1 , 99.4 1 ) effects observed might be the synergetic interaction in between sterols and flavonoids. Synergic effects happen to be described on triterpenes (as saponins) and polyphenols combinations, which improved nematicidal activity in vivo against many nematode species (Meloidogyne, Xiphinema, Tylenchorhynchus, Criconemoides, and Pratylenchus) [43]. 2.four. Compounds Identified in T. densiflora Studies of your chemical composition of extracts from the Tournefortia genera revealed phenolic compounds [44] and alkaloids [45]. We identified allantoin (9) and pyrrolizidine alkaloids 10 and 11 (PAs), initially identified within the methanolic extract from its NMR data. The 13 C NMR spectrum showed signals at 96.70, 96.28, and 96.21 (Figure three) possibly related to C-8 of N-oxide PAs [46,47] and signals at 76.74 and 76.66 in all probability on account of C-8 of PAs [48]. The detection of PAs in T. densiflora roots necessary alkaloid extraction and chromatographic separation to identify ten and 11. 1 H and 13 C NMR data comparison with similar data from retronecine and PAs N-oxides [481], too as HMQC and HMBC experiments, identified 9-O-angeloyl-retronecine N-oxide (11). The DEPTQ spectrum revealed the following functional groups: two CH3 , four CH2 , four CH, and three quaternary carbon atoms. Two double bonds have been observed from signals at 132.9 (C), 121.4 (CH), 127.six (C), and 139.0 (CH), while an angeloyl ester moiety was deduced from the 13 C signal at 167.1 plus the 1 H NMR signal at 6.16 as qq (J = 1.6, 8.4Hz, H-12), which showed HMBC correlation with signals at 20.1 (C-12) and 16.0 (C-13). T.
