, Switzerland. This article is an open access short article distributed under the
, Switzerland. This short article is definitely an open access article distributed below the terms and situations of your Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ four.0/).An increasing substitution of traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles by electric cars (EV) and hybrid electric autos (HEV) is expected in the close to future, to be able to confront the pressing issues of CO2 reduction and worldwide warming [1,2]. Indeed, electrical machines are reversible, which enables the recovery in the kinetic energy during DNQX disodium salt iGluR braking manoeuvres, as a result drastically contributing towards the reduction of power consumption and emissions and for the extension from the driving variety [3,4]. Considerable study work has been spent by universities and the automotive business on methodologies and control algorithms to enhance the effectiveness of regenerative braking [5]. The initial papers were published in the 1970s [9], but a outstanding improve has been noticed in final two decades, in parallel having a notable development of the role as well as the diffusion of HEVs and EVs (Figure 1). Current overview papers offer a extensive picture of management and optimization approaches for regenerative braking [10,11]. The papers range over distinctive topics, from cooperative handle approaches [12], application of fuzzy logic [13,14], cut-off point detection [15], safety problems [16,17], test bench emulations [18], torque allocation [19], as well as other aspects. Although many subjects associated with regenerative braking have already been largely studied, further investigation is needed to adapt this method to automobiles with particular architectures, in which the basic concepts are certainly not totally applicable. This really is the case from the hybridized autos, obtained by conversion of standard cars by means of the adoption of two-wheel motors in rear wheels that transform the auto into a TTR (through-the-road) parallel hybridEnergies 2021, 14, 6835. https://doi.org/10.3390/enhttps://www.mdpi.com/journal/energiesEnergies 2021, 14,2 ofvehicle [20]. TTR HEVs represent a specific configuration the parallel hybrids, where the two propulsion systems usually do not have a mechanical connection inside the vehicle but “through the road”. In an HEV with that configuration, 1 axle of your vehicle axes (usually the front one) is driven by the thermal engine, even though the other axle (typically the rear 1) is driven by an electric propulsion system. This architecture, at present adopted on a variety of ranges of hybrid cars, is extensively studied inside the technical literature also since it offers the possibility of being utilized for the conversion of standard cars into hybrid cars [21,22]. In fact, this configuration fits nicely with the transformation of a traditional car into a hybrid 1, minimizing fuel consumption and emissions and avoiding Energies 2021, 14, x FOR PEER Review a premature and massive fleet scrapping. The “reuse” of automobiles, inside a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) viewpoint, permits lowering the effect on CO2 and energy consumption because of an unnecessary and premature dismissal in the vehicle [235].Figure 1. Number of papers on regenerative braking on the Scopus database (information soon after 2020 incomplete).Figure 1. Variety of papers on regenerative braking around the Scopus database (information following A plete). Tianeptine sodium salt Data Sheet project for car hybridization with partial solar recharging by PV cells has beenproposed and patented in the University of Salerno (Italy) [260]. The hybridization kit consists of two in-wheel motors [313], a lithium-.
