E 2011 La Ni and 2015 El Ni Phenomena on the Blue Carbon
E 2011 La Ni and 2015 El Ni Phenomena on the Blue Carbon Ecosystems in Indonesia Indonesian waters practical experience a reduce in the MNITMT Purity chlorophyll-a concentration and an increase inside the SST during La Ni . Moreover, for the duration of the El Ni phenomenon, the dominant chlorophyll-a value increased, plus the dominant SST decreased (Figure 14). Seprianto [81] stated that the worth of chlorophyll-a in Karimun Jawa waters enhanced during the El Ni phenomenon and decreased for the duration of the La Ni phenomenon. Similarly, other earlier research reported that the SST temporarily decreased throughout the El NiISPRS Int. J. Mouse custom synthesis Geo-Inf. 2021, ten,20 ofphenomenon, even though it enhanced through the La Ni phenomenon [26,82]. This happens mainly because ocean tmosphere climate interactions, like these resulting from the ENSO, affect the sea level, SST, air temperature, chlorophyll-a, and upwelling intensity. During the El Ni period, the upwelling intensity enhanced, followed by an increase in the ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, ten, x FOR PEER Review concentration; in contrast, throughout the La Ni period, the upwelling intensity 21 of 31 chlorophyll-a decreased followed by a decrease inside the chlorophyll-a concentration [26,825].Figure 14. Typical monthly increase and reduce inside the SST and chlorophyll-a values through the La Ni and El Ni Figure 14. Typical month-to-month enhance and lower in the SST and chlorophyll-a values during the La Ni and El Ni periods: (A) Raise inside the SST during the La Ni period; (B) decrease within the SST through the El Ni period; (C) boost periods: (A) Boost within the SST for the duration of the La Ni period; (B) lower in the SST in the course of the El Ni period; (C) boost inside the chlorophyll-a concentration through the El Ni period; (D) lower inin the chlorophyll-a concentration throughout the within the chlorophyll-a concentration during the El Ni period; (D) reduce the chlorophyll-a concentration for the duration of the La La Ni period. Ni period.four.2. Comparison of the Potential Fishingin the and Vessel Activity Zone with Production Data The SST increased considerably Zone blue carbon ecosystem in 2011 (La Ni ), with and average valueFishing Vessels ofthe highest worth of 31.8Affairs June. Moreover, the SST an the amount of of 29.six C plus the Ministry of Maritime C in and Fisheries In general, the average fishing potential in Indonesian waters 28.8 C along with the lowest decreased drastically in 2015 (El Ni ), with an typical value ofin 2018 was dominated value of 26 C medium to high final results were confirmed by the observations by Nabilah [82], by classes within August. These possible levels covering practically all WPP-RIs, except WPPRI 573, WPP-RI 714, and WPP-RI 717. Insanu [93] reported that in the waters from the Mahakam Delta and Makassar Strait, the high fishing zone happens south from the Mahakam Delta, and inside the middle with the Makassar Strait. Moreover, Suhadha [75] reported water regions with high fishing prospective in WPP-RI 715 and WPP-RI 712. Similar patterns had been also observed according to the PFZ in Indonesian waters, and also the results on the InstituteISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2021, 10,21 ofwho carried out study around the Java Sea and indicated that for the duration of El Ni , the SST was within the array of 278 C with an average value of 27.71 C; additionally, in the course of La Ni , the SST was inside the range of 290 C with an average worth of 29.06 C. The chlorophyll-a concentration substantially elevated inside the blue carbon ecosystem in 2015 (El Ni ), together with the highest worth of 1.02 mg m-3 in June and an typical value of 0.three mg m-3 . Howev.
