Et. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
sensorsArticleDetection of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Employing a SmartphoneYolanda Castillo-Escario 1,two,three, , Hatice Kumru 4,five,6, , Ignasi Ferrer-Lluis 1,two,3 , Joan Vidal 4,five,6 and Raimon Jan1,two,5Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (I.F.-L.); [email protected] (R.J.) Department of Automatic Control (ESAII), Universitat Polit nica de Catalunya-Barcelona Tech (UPC), 08028 Barcelona, Spain Centro de Investigaci Biom ica en Red de Bioingenier , Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain Fundaci Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitaci 08916 Badalona, Spain; [email protected] Universitat Aut oma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain FundaciInstitut d’Investigacien Ci cies de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain Correspondence: [email protected] (Y.C.-E.); [email protected] (H.K.)Citation: Castillo-Escario, Y.; Kumru, H.; Ferrer-Lluis, I.; Vidal, J.; Jan R. Detection of Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury Making use of a Smartphone. Sensors 2021, 21, 7182. https:// doi.org/10.3390/s21217182 Academic Editor: James F. Rusling Seclidemstat Histone Demethylase Received: 13 September 2021 Accepted: 27 October 2021 Published: 29 OctoberAbstract: Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) have an enhanced risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which can bring about severe comorbidities and effect patients’ recovery and high quality of life. Nevertheless, sleep tests are Anle138b site seldom performed on SCI patients, provided their numerous overall health demands as well as the cost and complexity of diagnostic gear. The objective of this study was to make use of a novel smartphone method as a basic non-invasive tool to monitor SDB in SCI sufferers. We recorded pulse oximetry, acoustic, and accelerometer data making use of a smartphone during overnight tests in 19 SCI sufferers and 19 able-bodied controls. Then, we analyzed these signals with automatic algorithms to detect desaturation, apnea, and hypopnea events and monitor sleep position. The apnea ypopnea index (AHI) was considerably larger in SCI patients than controls (25 15 vs. 9 7, p 0.001). We discovered that 63 of SCI sufferers had moderate-to-severe SDB (AHI 15) in contrast to 21 of control subjects. Most SCI patients slept predominantly in supine position, but an increased occurrence of events in supine position was only observed for eight individuals. This study highlights the problem of SDB in SCI and offers easy cost-effective sleep monitoring tools to facilitate the detection, understanding, and management of SDB in SCI individuals. Keywords and phrases: spinal cord injury; sleep-disordered breathing; sleep apnea; sleep position; smartphone; biomedical signal processing; mHealth; monitoringPublisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.1. Introduction Sleeping, like breathing, is definitely an action that we undertake throughout our complete life. We commit about 30 of our time sleeping [1], and this is strictly essential given that sleep is definitely the organic state of rest and self-regulation of the organism. Nevertheless, a number of ailments can affect sleep top quality, making symptoms of varying severity. These medical conditions, that are known as sleep problems, are very prevalent within the basic population. In recent yea.
